a[yØ NÀ¨ AYh Mediation, {]hÀ¯\hpw e£yhpw

(By P.R.Shaji*, Advocate, High Court of Kerala)

a[yØ NÀ¨IÄ s]mXphn c­Ip hn[amW.v

tImSXn A\p-_Ô a[yØ NÀ¨ AYh Court Annexed Mediation.

tImS-Xo-Xc a[yØ NÀ¨ AYhm Private Mediation.

Ccp ]mÀ«nIfpw tIkn\v apt¶mSnbmbn kzta[b Hcp a[yØsâ klmbt¯mSpIqSn sN¿p¶ a[yØ NÀ¨ ]cnlmcs¯  Pre-litigation Mediation F¶pw ]dbpw.

tIkv \nehn DÅt¸mÄ CcpI£nIfptSbpw A`yÀ°\bpsS ASnØm\¯ntem, tImSXnbpsS kzta[b Dff A`n{]mb¯ntem, Ccp I£nItfbpw a[yØNÀ¨bneqsS X§fpsS tIkn\v ]cnlmcw ImWm³ ]äptam F¶Xnsâ ASnØm\¯nÂ, tImSXnbpsS taÂt\m«¯n DÅ aoUntbj³ AYh a[yØ NÀ¨tbbmWv tImSXo A\p_Ô a[yØ NÀ¨ AYhm Court Annexed Mediation F¶v ]dbp¶Xv.

tImSXn A\p_Ô a[yØ NÀ¨bn Ccp I£nIfpw X§fpsS ]qÀ® k½Xt¯mSpIqSn FgpXn¡p¶ XÀ¡ ]cnlmc Xocpam\ DS¼SnIÄ AYh Mediation Settlement Agreement CcpI£nIfpw X§fpsS Is¿m¸pw, X§fpsS A`n`mjIcpsS Is¿m¸pw C«tijw,  tImSXnbpsS taÂt\m«¯n a[yØ NÀ¨bv¡v t\XrXzw sImSp¯ Accredited Mediator, AYhm a[yØsâ Report klnXw AXmXp tImSXnIfnte¡v Ab¨v BbXv tImSXn tcJIfn tNÀ¯v Sn DS¼SnbpsS ASnØm\¯n hn[nbpw, hn[n \ymbhpw ]pds¸Sphn¨mWv tImSXn XoÀ¸v I¸n¡p¶Xv.

F¶m C§s\ D­Im¡p¶ DS¼Snbn \nba¯n\v \nc¡m¯tXm kaql\b¯n\v FXncmbtXm Bb Fs´¦nepw hyhØIÄ Ds­I¦n BbXv tImSXnbpsS XoÀ¸n\mbn kzoIcn¡pIbnÃ. ho­Ipw a[yØNÀ¨bneqsS B hI \yq\XIÄ ]cnlcn¨v taÂ]dª k¯z DÄs¡mÅp¶ Hcp DS¼Snbn GÀs¸Sm³ \nÀt±in¡pIbmWv ]Xnhv.

tImSXoXc a[yØNÀ¨ AYhm Private Mediation D­ImIp¶ DS¼Sn¡v Hcp km[mcW DS¼SnbpsS \nbakm[yXsb D­ImIp¶pÅq.  AXn\m A¯cw a[yØ NÀ¨ BÀ_nt«j³ I¬knentbj³ Act sâ ]cn[nbn hcp¶ Hcp AhmÀUv B¡n XoÀ¡pIbmsW¦n AXn\pw Hcp tImSXn hn[nbpsS \nba km[yX e`n¡p¶XmWv.

a[yØ NÀ¨ F¶m AXv Hcp {]{IobbmWv, BbXn\v, a[yØ NÀ¨bn  a[yØ NÀ¨bv¡v hgn¡m«nbmIpw hn[w Hcp hn\ymkcoXnbnà F¶Xpw a[yØ NÀ¨ {]{IobXs¶bmWv AXnsâ hn\ymkcoXnbmbn Dcp¯ncnªv hcp¶Xpw F¶Xn\m a[yØNÀ¨ thfbn ]et¸mgpw a[yØ NÀ¨ kvXw`\w AYh Emphases kw`hn¡mdpI.v

FÃmw XÀ¡]cnlmc a[yØ NÀ¨Ifpw hnk½X¯n \n¶pw Bcw`n¨v, k½X¯n Iemin¡pt¼mÄ BWv Hcp a[yØ NÀ¨ hnPbw BIp¶Xv.

FÃm a[yØ NÀ¨Ifpw hnhn[ coXnbnepÅ hnk½X¯n \n¶pw BWv Bcw`n¡p¶Xv F¶XnÂ\n¶p Xs¶, BbXn a[yØ NÀ¨kvXw`\§Ä adnIS¡m\pÅ, a[yØsâ kzXan²tam, BÀPnXtam, c­Ipw IqSnbtXm Bb IgnhmWv ]et¸mgpw a[yØ NÀ¨sb hnPb¯nte¡v \bn¡p¶Xv.  C§s\bpÅ a[yØ NÀ¨ kvXw`\§Ä GXv L«¯nemtWm Hcp a[yØt\m, ]mÀ«nIÄt¡m andIS¡m³ IgnbmsX hcp¶Xv At¸mÄ a[yØ NÀ¨ ]cmPbs¸SpIbpw, NÀ¨IÄ ]cyhkm\n¨Xmbn a[yØÀ {]Jym]n¨v a[yØNÀ¨ ]ncn¨v hnSpIbpw (Terminate) ho­Ipw tImSXnIÄ Sn tIknsâ tImSXn \S]SnIfpambn apt¶m«p t]mIpIbpw sN¿p¶p.

IpSpw_XÀ¡§fn {]tXyIn¨pw `mcym`À¯r _Ôhpambn _Ôs¸« XÀ¡§fmb hnhmltamN\w, Ip«nIfpsS c£mIÀXrXzw, c£m]me\w, kµÀi\ AhImiw, Poh\mwiw XpS§nb XÀ¡§fn a[yØNÀ¨ kvXw`\w Ft¸mÄ thWsa¦nepw kw`hn¡mhp¶Xpw FÃmbvt¸mgpw kw`hn¡p¶XpamW.v ChnsS a[yØsâ AXn hnZKvZamb ]mShhpw, {]hÀ¯n ]cnNbhpw, hnhn[Xcw adp]cnlmc§Ä \nÀt±in¡m\pÅ Ignhpw H¶psIm­Ip am{Xambncn¡pw ]mÀ«nIÄ X§Ä¡v Ccp¡q«À¡pw, k½Xamb Hcp Xocpam\w FSp¡m³ Ignbp¶Xv.

a[yس Hcn¡epw Ccp I£nIfn Btcbptam, Hcp I£nsb X\nt¨m Xm³ \nÀt±in¨v AYhm A`n{]mbs¸Sp¶ ]cnlmcamÀ¤§sf kzoIcn¡phm³ th­In I£nIfn k½À±w sNep¯phm³ ]mSnÃm¯XmWv. I£nIÄ k½À±¯n\p hgt§IXpanÃ.

ChnsSbmWv IpSpw_ XÀ¡ ]cnlmc¯n a[yØ-NÀ¨bpsS {]m[m\yw.

a[yØ-NÀ¨bpsS XoÀ¸v kmamt\y\ Ipdª kab¯n\pffn kw`hn¡p¶Xn\m CXv I£nIfpsS `mhnsb A[nIw _m[n¡msXbpw Ccn¡p¶p.

tImSXn XÀ¡ ]cnlmc¯nsâ ]cyhkm\¯nsâ kab ssZÀLytam, km¼¯oI _m[yXtbm {]hN\mXoXamWv. 

kz¯v kw_Ô XÀ¡¯n DSaØmhImiw, I¿hImiw, ]m«mhImiw, ]n³XpSÀ¨mhmImiw, ]Wbkw_Ô XÀ¡w, IpSnInS¸mhImiw PzÞhImiw, D]tbmKmhImiw XpS§nbhbpw, k¼¯v XÀ¡§fn ]WanS]mSpambn _Ôs¸« FÃm XÀ¡§fpw DÄs¸Sp¶p. 

tImSXn A\p_Ô a[yØ NÀ¨bn A`n`mjIcpw a[yØ NÀ¨bpsS `mKambXn\m A`n`mjIcpsS D¯chmZnXzhpw, NpaXebpw {]Xn_²Xbpw AhÀ tImSXnbn X§fpsS I£nIfpsS hmZapJw D¶bn¡p¶ coXnbn \n¶pw hn`n¶amb coXnbn Bbncn¡pw.  a[yØ NÀ¨bn ]s¦Sp¡pt¼mÄ sN¿p¶Xv ChnsS X§fpsS I£nIÄ¡v thI­n hmZ{]XnhmZ§Ä apt¶m«ph¨Ã X§fpsS I£nIsf klmbn¡p¶Xv. adn¨v A\pcRvP\ kw`mjW¯n\v DXIpw hn[w X§fpsS I£nIsf AhchcpsS tIÊnsâ KpWtZmj§Ä D]tZin¨pw Ahkm\ hn[n D­ImIphm³ FSp¡p¶ Imehnf¼w kqNn¸n¨pw, hn[n \S¸n D­ImIp¶ ImeXmakhpw, aäv Akm[mcWambn D­Imhp¶ hn[n \S¯n¸v kvXw` kµÀ`§fpw {]iv\§fpw Nq­InImWn¨pw, XzcnXKXnbn Xocpam\§Ä D­ImIpt¼mÄ D­ImIp¶ KpWKW§sf ImcyImcWklnXw hnhcn¨v sImSp¯pw ]ckv]c hn«p hogvNbv¡v thI­n am\koIambn X¿mdm¡p¶Xnt\msSm¸w Xs¶ Mediation settlement agreement X¿mdm¡p¶Xn\v I£nIsf {]m]vXcm¡n klmbn¡pIbpw BWv sN¿p¶Xv.

AXmbXv A`n`mjI³ tImSXnbn \ymb[n]s\ XoÀ¸v I¸n¡p¶Xn\pth­In \nba¯nsâbpw, sXfnhnsâbpw hyJym\w \ÂIn klmbn¡pt¼mÄ litigation lawyer Bbpw, a[yØ NÀ¨bn I£nIsf ka\zb¯nsâ ]mXbnte¡v sIm­Iphcm³ klmbn¡p¶ a[yØ NÀ¨ klmb A`n`mjI³ AYhm Mediation lawyer Bbpw BWv {]hÀ¯n¡p¶Xv. a[yØ NÀ¨ klmb A`n`mjI\v a[yØm NÀ¨ XÀ¡]cnlmc{]{Inbbn {]tXyIw {]mhnWyw BhiyamWv. ImcWw XÀ¡ ]cnlmc NÀ¨Ifn {]iv\ ]cnlmc Nn´bn I£nIÄ X½n D­ImIp¶ hnet]i X{´§Ä AYhm Bargain strategies c­Iv hn[¯nemWv  sa\bp¶X.v H¶v Integrative Bargain AYhm [Àa\njvSm[njvSnX hnet]iÂ, cI­v Distributive Bargain AYhm hn`mPIm[njvTnX hnet]iÂ. [À½\njvSm[njvSnX hnet]i X{´¯n CcpI£nIfpsSbpw Bhiy§Ä \ndth䯡 hn[¯n CcpI£nIÄ¡pw t\«w am{Xw D­ImIp¶ Hcp ]cnlmc amÀ¤w BWv Dcp¯ncnbp¶Xv.  ChnsS I£nIÄ R§fpsS XÀ¡ kw_Ôamb AdnhpIÄ At\ym\yw ]¦n«pw Bhiy¯nsâ coXn A\pkcn¨v \ne]mSv amtä­I kµÀ`¯n \ne]mSv amäm³ X¿mdmhpIbpw sN¿p¶p.

F¶m hn`mPIm[njvTnX hnet]i X{´¯nÂ, Hcp \nÝnX Afhn Dff \nhy¯n, Hcp I£n¡v em`amIp¶hn[¯nepw, aäpI£n¡v, \jvSw kw`hn¡p¶ hn[¯nepw hn`P\w sN¿p¶ coXnbnepff Cu hn`mK¡mÀ XÀ¡¯n\v A[njvSnXamb hkvXpXIsf Ipdª Afhn am{Xw ssIamdp¶tXmsSm¸w Xs¶ Ipd¨v hn«p hogvN am{Xw sN¿p¶p.

I£nIÄ X§fpsS hnet]i X{´¯n\mbn Bdv hn[¯nepff hnet]i ssienIfmWv Ahew`n¨v ImWp¶Xv. CXn BZys¯ hn`mK¯nÂs]Sp¶ kacks¸S ssien¡À AYhm Accommodative FÃmbvt¸mgpw, \nsâ hgnsb F¶ \ne]mSv kzoIcn¨v X§Ä¡v \jvShpw aäpI£nIÄ¡v em`hpw D­ImIpw hn[¯nemhpw H¯v XoÀ¸n F¯ntNcp¶Xv. c­Imas¯ hn`mK¯nÂs]Sp¶ klIcW ssien¡mÀ AYhm co-operative or collaborative, \½psS hgnsb F¶ coXn kzoIcn¨v Ccph`mK¯n\pw t\«ap­Im¡p¶ hn[¯nepff H¯v XnÀ¸n Bbncn¡pw F¯n tNcp¶Xv. aq¶mas¯ hn`mK¡mcmb aÂkc kzcq] ssien¡mÀ AYhm competitives Fsâ hgnsb F¶ coXn kzoIcn¨v X§Ä¡v t\«hpw FXnÀI£nIÄ¡v \jvShpw D­ImIp¶ hn[¯nepff Hcp H¯pXoÀ¸nembncn¡pw F¯n tNcp¶Xv. \memas¯ hn`mK¡mcmb A\pcRvP\ ssien¡mÀ AYhm compromise persons GXp hgnbpw F¶ coXn kzoIcn¨v, CcpI£nIÄ¡pw \jvSw kw`hn¨v Bbmepw Hcp H¯p XoÀ¸n F¯n tNcp¶p. A©mas¯ hn`mK¯nepffhcmWv XnckvImc ssien¡mÀ   AYhm avoidance. ChÀ  Hcp  hgnbpw kzoIcn¡m¯hcpw Hcn¡epw Hcp H¯p XoÀ¸nse¯m³ klIcWw ImWn¡m¯hcpw BIp¶p. Bdmas¯ hn`mK¡mÀ Hgnªpamd ssien kzoIcn¡p¶hcmWv. XnckvImc ssien¡mcpw aÂkckzcq] ssien¡mcpw Chsc Wriggle outers F¶v ]dbp¶p.  ChÀ a[yØ NÀ¨bn DS\ofw ]s¦Sp¡pw F¶m XÀ¡ ]cnlmc Nn´bpsS Ahkm\ L«¯nÂ, Htcmtcm ]pXnb ]pXnb ImcW§Ä I­Ip ]nSn¨v Hgnªv amdnsIm­Incn¡pItbm settlement agreement H¸nSm³ htcI kabw H¸nSm³ hcmXncn¡pItbm sN¿p¶p. XnckvImc ssien¡mcpw aÂkckzcq] ssien¡mcpw Hgnªpamd ssien¡mcpw hyàn_Ôw ]p\Øm]\¯n bmsXmcp hnebpw sImSp¡m¯hcmbncn¡pw F¶m aäv aq¶v hn`mK¡mcpw hyàn_Ôw ]p\:Øm]n¨v sIm­Imbncn¡pw AhÀ XÀ¡]cnlmc DS¼Snbn H¸v hbv¡p¶Xv.

a[yØ NÀ¨bnse Cu hnet]i X{´hpw hnet]i ssienbpw, a\knem¡n thWw a[yس Xsâ ]mSh§Ä {]tbmKn¡phm³. k¼¯v XÀ¡]cnlmc¯nembmepw km¼¯nI CS]mSv XÀ¡ ]cnlmc¯nembpw NÀ¨kvXw`\w ]et¸mgpw D­ImIp¶pIv. BbXv a[yØsâ Ignthm, AXn ]s¦Sp¡p¶ A`n`mjIcpsS AIagnª klmb klIcW§ÄsIm­tIm am{Xta AXnPnhn¡m³ km[n¡pIbpffp. {]tXyIn¨pw a[yØNÀ¨bn lmPcm¡p¶ A`n`mjIÀ tImSXn XÀ¡]cnlmc coXnbn Ahew`n¡p¶ ssien Xs¶bmWv a[yØ NÀ¨ ]cnlmc¯nepw A\phÀ¯n¡p¶sX¦nÂ, XnÀ¨bmbpw a[yØ NÀ¨ 100% ]cmPbambncn¡pw, AtX kabw a[yØ NÀ¨coXn¡v, tbmKycpw, AXv A\phÀ¯n¡p¶hcpw BWv CcpI£nIfpsSbpw A`n`mjIÀ F¦nÂ, XÀ¡anÃ, XÀ¡]cnlmc NÀ¨ hnPb¯nte Iemin¡q.

a[yØ NÀ¨ ]cnlmc {]{Iobbn a[yØsâ XÀ¡]cnlmc kao]\hpw, ssienbpw Adjudication AYh \ymbnhnNmcW XÀ¡ ]cnlmc {]{IobbpsSbpw, a[yØ NÀ¨ XÀ¡ ]cnlmc {]{IobbptSbpw {]hÀ¯\ ssienbpw, e£yhpw c­Ipw, c­Ip hn[¯nemWv.

\ymbhnNmcWbn tImSXnap³Ime kw`h§Ä¡v {]m[m\yw sImSp¡pt¼mÄ a[yØ NÀ¨bn `mhn Imcy§Ä¡mWv {]mapJyw I¸n¡p¶Xv. tImSXnIÄ hkvXpXIfn {i² tI{µoIcn¡pt¼mÄ, a[yس hyàn_ԧġv Du¶Â sImSp¯mbncn¡pw ]cnlmcw ImWm³ {ian¡p¶Xv. tImSXn hn[nbneqsS sXäpw, icnbpw, D¯chmZnXzhpw Øm]n¡m³ th­Ip¶ At\zjWw \S¯pt¼mÄ a[yØ NÀ¨bn hyàn_Ôw ]p\Øm]n¡m³ th­Ip¶ {ia§Ä \S¯p¶p. hn[n{]Øm\w KpWtZmj {]Ømh\bn Iemin¡pt¼mÄ a[yØNÀ¨ s]mcp¯ s]StemSpIqSnb Hcp XÀ¡]cnlmc¯n F¯ntNcp¶p. tImSXnhn[nIÄ IÂ]\bpsS cq]w hcn¡pt¼mÄ a[yØ XÀ¡]cnlmcw, \S]Sn{Ia§fneqsS Dcp¯ncnª,v D`bk½Xamb Hcp XoÀ¸n F¯n tNcp¶p. \ymb hnNmcWbn A`n`mjI\pÅ taÂtImbva a[yØ NÀ¨bn I£nIfpsS AhImiamWv.

    a[yØ NÀ¨ XÀ¡ ]cnlmcNÀ¨ thfbnÂ, ap³]n\mse \ne\n¶ncp¶Xpw, a[yس II­p]nSn¨p F¶v AhImis¸Sp¶ Hcp XÀ¡mhØbnte¡v Asæn XÀ¡¯nsâ Npäp]mSpIfnte¡v Hcp a[yس cwK{]thiw sN¿pt¼mÄ BWv a[yØ NÀ¨bv¡v XpS¡ambn F¶v ]dbp¶Xv. Hcp XÀ¡w Asæn Hcp {]tXyI AhØ amän In«phm³ I£nIÄ kzta[b ssIsIm­Ip ]ehn[ hnet]i {ia§fpw hyÀ²amIpt¼mÄ, AhÀ X§fpsS XÀ¡ ]cnlmc kvXw`\mhØbn F¯p¶p. 

km[mcWbmbn Adntªm AdnbmsXtbm Hcp \nÝnX \nhr¯nbn \n¶pw hn`P\mSnØm\¯n F\n¡v F´v e`n¡pw, \n\¡v F´v \jvSamIpw F¶pw, [Àa\njvS[njvSnX hn`P\¯n Ccp I£nIÄ¡pw ]ckv]c t\«¯n\pÅ kmlNcyw \ne\n¡p¶p­I­v F¶XmIpw I£nIfpsS Nn´IÄ.

Hcp a[yس, a[yØNÀ¨ {IaoIcW coXnsb, km[mcWbmbn tPmUnIfmbmbn BWv  hnhcn¡p¶Xv.  AXmbXv {]iv\ ]cnlmc¯ns\Xncmbn  AhØm ]cnhÀ¯\w F¶pw Asæn hyànXz¯n\v FXncmbn hyàn_ÔXzw F¶pw, a[yØ NÀ¨ {]{Inbsb hn\ymkcoXnItfbpw, ssienItfbpw tPmUnIco¡p¶Xv KpWtZmj aqey\nÀWbSnØm\¯n\v FXncmbn XÀ¡]cnlmc Ifsamcp¡Â F¶pw, AhImimSnØm\¯n\v FXncmbn XmÂ]cymSnØm\w F¶pw, ¢n]vXs¸Sp¯nb {]iv\ \nÀhN\¯ns\Xncmbn  kv]jvSamb {]iv\\nÀhN\w F¶pw BWv.

a[yس Xsâ {]mtbmKnI ]cnioe\¯ntâbpw {]hÀ¯n]cnNb¯ntâbpw ASnØm\¯nepw kzkn²hpw, BÀÖnXhpw Bb IgnhpIfpsS ASnØm\¯nepw, Xsâ imkv{XobambtXm, XXzimkv{X]cambtXm Bb hnizmk¯nsâbpw ASnØm\¯nepambncn¡pw a[yØ NÀ¨bn Xsâ CSs]SepIfpw, CSs]SmXncn¡epItfbpw Xocpam\n¡p¶Xv.

km[mcWbmbn aq¶p hn[¯nepÅ a[yØ NÀ¨ {IaoIW (Orientation) BWv, a[yØÀ kmlNcy§Ä A\pkcn¨v A\phÀ¯n¡p¶Xv.

    1. XÀ¡s¯ ¢n]vXs¸Sp¯n, hyàambn ImWp¶, \nba]camb AhImi§sf {IaoIcn¨pÅ kao]\w ssIs¡mÅp¶ a[yØÀ, I£nIsf AhÀ¡pÅ \nba]camb AhImi§sfIpdn¨v Hcp ImgvN]mSp­ImIphm³ th­I klmbw sN¿pIhgn, I£nIsf X§fpsS tIÊnsâ \nba]ÝmXe¯nepÅ _et¯bpw,  e£yt¯bpw Ipdn¨v Aht_m[w D­fhm¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p. Nne kµÀ`§fn Nne a[yØÀ I£nIfpsS tIÊnsâ KpWtZmj \nÀWbw sNbvXv, D]tZi¯nsâ kao]\w kzoIcn¨v, Hcp ]s£ tIknep­ImIm³ t]mIp¶ hn[nsb Ipdn¨vt]mepw {]hNn¨v I£nIÄ X½n Hcp H¯pXoÀ]nse¯p¶Xn\pth­In {ian¡p¶p.

    2. Nnea[yØÀ H¯pXoÀ¸v F¶ e£y¯n\v Du¶Â sImSp¡p¶Xn\p ]Icw, ]cnhÀ¯\ {]Xyimkv{X N«IqSnsâ klmbt¯msS, I£nIfpsS imàoIcW¯n\pw, AwKoImc§Ä¡pw, DÅ Ahkc§Ä¡mbn D]tbmKn¡p¶p.

   3. [Àa\njvTm[njvSnX a[yØ NÀ¨ XÀ¡ ]cnlmc {]{Iobbn a[yس I£nIsf Xsâ e£y {]m]vXn¡mbn kv]jvSamb XÀ¡ \nÀhN\¯neqsSbpw, XÀ¡ ]cnlmc e£yw IIpsIm­IpÅ Hcp kao]\¯neqtSbpw, I£nIÄ¡v At\ym\yw em`w D­Im¡p¶ hn[¯nepÅ Hcp XÀ¡ ]cnlmckmlNcyw Hcp¡nsImSp¡p¶p.  Cu coXn Ahew`n¡p¶ a[yس km[mcWambn a[yØNÀ¨ Ifsamcp¡Â ssien Ahew_n¨v, I£nIfpsS \nehnepÅ XmXv]cy§fpw Bhiy§fpw a\Ênem¡n AXn {i² tI{µoIcn¨v, Ccp I£nIÄ¡pw kwXr]vXn D­Im¡p¶ hn[¯nepÅ Hcp XÀ¡ ]cnlmc¯n I£nIsf F¯n¡p¶p. 

            I£n XmÂ]cym[njvSnX XÀ¡ ]cnlmcXXzw Ahew`n¨v a[yØ NÀ¨ sN¿p¶ a[yس, I£nIsf AhcpsS \nehnepÅ AhØbpsS ImgvN]mSn \n¶pw, AhcpsS ZrjvSn amän, AhcpsS Bhiy§fn tI{µoIcn¡phm³ t{]mÂkmln¸n¡p¶p. AXn\pth­In AhcpsS Hfn¨p hbv¡s¸«ncp¶ XmÂ]cy§tfbpw, Bhiy§tfbpw

]pds¯Sp¯v Im«ns¡mSp¯v, I£nIfpsS XmÂ]cy¯nsâ ASnØm\w t\m¡n  [Àa\njvTm[njvTnX XmÂ]cymSnØm\ hnet]i ssienbneqsS AhchcpsS \nhr¯nbpsS aqey hym]vXn hÀ²n¸n¡m³ Ignbpw F¶pw AXphgn AhcpsS ]caamb e£y{]m]vXnbn AhÀ¡v F¯m³ Ignbpw F¶pw a\knem¡n sImSp¡p¶p.

            “I£nIsf X§fpsS hn`P\m[njvTm\ \oXn t_m[¯nsâ temI¯p\n¶pw, AhcpsS aÕckzcq] X{´w amäm³ Blzm\w \ÂIn AhcpsS Ct¸mgs¯ ØnXnbn \n¶pw hn`n¶ambn X§fpsS bYmÀ° Bhiy§fpw XmÂ]cy§fpw a\Ênem¡n sImSp¡pIbpw F¶XmWv I£nXmÂ]cymSnØm\ þ I£n klIcW ssienbneqsS ]cnlmc¯n\v {ian¡p¶ a[yØsâ Gähpw henb shÃphnfn."

            ]e a[yسamcpw, a[yØ NÀ¨]cnlmc thfbn H¶n IqSpX a[yØ NÀ¨ XÀ¡]cnlmc kao]\§Ä FSp¡p¶pI­v. km[mcWbmbn a[yØ NÀ¨Isf Ifsamcp¡Â AYhm {]Xy£s]Sp¯Â, kao]\¯nÂ, I£n XmÂ]cymSnØm\ XÀ¡]cnlmc kao]\ ssienbn \n¶pw XpS§n KpWtZmjaqey\nÀ®bw AYhm hgn¡m«Â kao]\w Ahew`n¨, AhImimSnØm\ XÀ¡]cnlmc amXrIhsc kzoIcn¡p¶p.

*(LL.M in Adr+., From Hamline University, MN - U.S.A.),acredited to be Meditor of Supreme Court of Minnesota at U.S.A., Acredited Mediator and empaneled Arbitrator of High Court of Kerala,Erstwhile Research Intern of Hamline University Mediation Clinic, at Minneapolis in U.S.A.).

SEVEN LAMPS OF ADVOCACY

"The profession of law is a great calling, and to discharge the responsibility the member of this profession must make him self equal to the task. Law is a great profession of talents, and talent is bound to make headway through any vicissitudes of circumstances, and through any reversals of fortune. The profession calls for great knowledge, high mental capacity and wide culture. Forsyth says that 'it is well to erect a lofty standard' in view of 'the momentous questions which are confided to his skill, involving all that is dear to man and remembering that 'when life, or property, is at stake, or the poisoned shaft of calumny is quivering in the heart, his office is to stand forth, and shield the person. or vindicate the character of those who are assailed, and who fly to him for protection or redress'. He adds that 'without an adequate conception of the requirements of his office, it is utterly impossible that he can perform the duties, which by its very nature, he stands pledged to society to fulfill. How can he hope to thread the mazes of intricate argument, if his mind is not disciplined by the habit of accurate reasoning; or, to advise safely in some perilous emergency, if he has not thoroughly digested and made himself master of legal principles?'

Judge Abbot Parry mentions Honesty, Courage, Industry, Wit, Eloquence, Judgment and Fellowship as the seven lamps of advocacy.

Dealing with Honesty, he says that 'the best advocates of all generations have been devotees of honesty', and cites the case of Abraham Lincoln 'who founded his fame and success on what some called' perverse honesty.

Referring to Courage, he says: 'Advocacy is a form of combat, where courage in danger is half the battle. Courage is as good a weapon in the forum as in the camp.''Advocacy', he says, 'is indeed a life of Industry, and an advocate must study his brief in the same way that an actor studies his part. Success in advocacy is not arrived at by intuition.''The lamp of Witis needed to lighten the darkness of advocacy. Often the wit of an advocate will turn a Judge from an unwise course, where Judgment or rhetoric would certainly fail'.

According to him, 'eloquence of Manner is real eloquence', and there is a 'physical as well as psychological side to advocacy'.

As regards Judgment, he refers to it essentially as an intellectual capacity,’ the inspiration' which enables a man to translate good sense into right action.

Speaking of Fellowship, he says that it is’ exactly like a great public School, the boys of which have grown older and have exchanged boyish for manly objects. There is just the same rough familiarity, the general ardour of character, the same kind of unwritten code of morals and manners, the same kind of public opinion expressed in exactly the same blunt, unmistakable manner'. He concludes that by keeping the lamp of fellowship burning, we encourage each other to walk in the light of the seven lamps of advocacy".

A NEW PHASE IN INTERNATIONAL LAW

(T. G. John, Advocate, Trichur)

With Russian Sputniks and American Explorers beeping and orbiting round our good earth, this geophysical year has heralded a new phase in international law. While the scientist is busy gathering information about cosmic rays, magnetic fields, atmospheric pressure etc., at the same place at the same time, so that they can establish the relationship among all these phenomena at any given point in space, President Charles S Rhyne of the American Bar Association and several statesmen like Sir Leslie Munro of New Zealand have already proclaimed the need to adapt international law to this space-age. According to them, it is not too early for jurists to ponder some rules of law for this vast new arena of human activity.

Space is a new frontier for mankind. Promethean inspirit, the conquest of space is first of all an adventure of the human will and brain. For the air age lawyers worked out a doctrine that treats the earth's atmosphere like national coastal waters But where the atmosphere becomes too thin to support aircraft, there or thereabouts begins space. And there must begin space law -- or else chaos in the firmament.

The problem is not without precedents. As regards the law of the seas, up to the first half of the middle ages navigation on the open sea was free. Ulpian declared the sea to be open by nature. Calsus declared both the sea and air as being common to all mankind. ''I am the master of the earth but the law is the mistress of the sea" said Emperor Antonius. The German emperors who were considered successors to the Roman emperors assumed title of the 'King of the Ocean'. The latter half of the middle ages marks the beginning of claims being made over parts of the open sea At the time of the birth of international law several States were really asserting claims over certain parts of the open sea. Spain claimed sovereignty over the Pacific and the Gulf of Mexico while Portugal made claims over the Atlantic, South of Morocco and the Indian Ocean. Great Britain claimed sovereignty over the Narrow Seas, the North Sea and the Atlantic from the North Cape to Cape Finisterre. These claims were asserted for several hundreds of years. With the growth of expeditions for discovery of unknown lands this idea of sovereignty over the open seas by the several States had to be gradually abandoned. When the Spanish ambassador Mendoza objected to the expedition of Sir Francis Drake, Elizabeth I stated that vessels of all nations could navigate on the Pacific since the use of the sea and air is common to all. Twenty-nine years after Elizabeth I, in 1609, Grotius, the great, authority on international law in Mare Liberum declared that the sea was free by nature because it is incapable of occupation. The writers of the eighteenth century championed the cause of the freedom of the open sea dividing the sea into maritime belt and open sea. Great Britain gradually began giving up her claims over parts of the open sea and soon emerged as a great upholder of the principle of the freedom of the open sea. This had to be done by Great Britain because she had the biggest navy. "The last ditch of the battle for the freedom of the open sea was fought and won in the award that was given against the claim of the United States over part of the open sea in the Behring Sea Arbitration Case in 1893" (Arunachalam—Modern International Law). The blue water is what international lawyers call res communis-common property. In Geneva this year lawyers from eighty-seven nations are codifying and updating the law" of the sea., cornerstone of civilization.

As regards aerial navigation, as soon as hostilities of 1919 were over and normally was resumed, no time was lost by the interested nations in meeting to­gether in a convention at Paris in October 1919, for the purpose of formulating some definite rules for the future of aerial navigation. Twenty-nine States, big and small of both the hemispheres solemnly signed the conclusions that were made at that historic meeting. The main conclusion arrived at was that a State had complete sovereignty in its superincumbent air space to an unlimited space subject to the right of innocent passage for foreign non-military air-craft akin to the right of innocent passage of merchant ships through territorial waters of other countries. Closely following upon the heels of the Paris Convention came the convention at Madrid in 1926 ratifying the conclusions of the Paris convention and in the other hemisphere, the Pan-American convention at Havana in 1928. "Air navigation is now regulated by (1) The convention for Regulation of Aerial navigation, 1919, with its amending protocols, (2) Bilateral and Multilateral Conventions supplementing the convention oi 1919. (3)Customary international Law. These documents recognize that every State has complete and exclusive sovereignty in the air-space above its territory and territorial waters. Freedom of innocent passage for private air-craft of other parties who comply with the rules is guaranteed subject to reservations on ground Of military and public safety reasons". The Lucrene European Broadcasting Convention of 1933, accept the principle of exclusive sovereignty in the air space of a State for purposes also of transmission of wireless waves.

When the Russians announced their intention to put up their Sputniks to orbit in space past the territories of many nations, they asked nobody's permission. Neither did the U. S before launching Explorer. Why try to claim Space that never stands still over any country? It is in this spirit that Congressman Kenneth B. Keating of New York rightly urges the "U. S. to "take the lead in formalizing international recognition of freedom of the outer space", instead of dumping the problem on the U. N. to become just another cold war wrangle.

Some lawyers propose an international authority to own all space ships or at least to license them and ensure world wide access to the information gleaned by them. Eisenhower's proposal to bar weapons from space is also a good subject for international agreement, And when the first space ship lands on the moon should the crew plant a national flag? If so, should its claim be recognized by other nations? Surely it would be better if the home port on the ship's stern read simply and grandly "Earth", rather than representing one of this puny globe's puny parishes.

(1) Physical impossibility,

(2) Some unforeseen circumstances,

(3) Mistake of offender

(4) Voluntarily desists from further prosecution. In the above cases is the offender criminally liable ?

Concerning the first case that is where the completion of the crime has all along been physically impossible S. 511, I. P. C. shows that in India a man may be convicted. The law is not definite. The various High Courts differ from one another. Where the commission of the crime is a failure owing to unfore­seen circumstances there is such divergence of opinion that the laws of no two countries are alike. In India this differentiation is entirely overlooked. In other countries "an attempt is only punishable when the same is manifested by acts which constitute a commencement of the execution and when the consummation is hindered only by circumstances independent of the will of author''.

If the offender mistakes one thing for another and hence the successful commission of the crime cannot be effected is he liable? The Indian law will not exempt him. In all other countries excepting America the law is that he is not liable. Probably the liability in Indian Law is accounted for by the fact that it is more conducive to public safety.

Let us consider the case where the party making the attempt desists from further prosecution. Indian cases have laid that the offence is indictable and that desistance is immaterial. It has yet to be seen what solution the authorities will give for the following case.

P. with intent to commit housebreaking in B's house provides himself with implements of burglary goes to B's house and opens the door. Inside the house a severe altercation has already entered with B and two ruffians who have come there and who are now bent on killing B. P at once rushes to the rescue of B. Has P committed an attempt to house-break. P pleads that hearing the cries of distress he entered in?

The case law on the subject of attempt to commit offences are poor and even the cases on record are not now in conformity with one another. The “attempt" to commit the offence is as important as the offence itself and it is strange that the Legislature has not made ample provision for the due understanding of the meaning of the word attempt. The two illustrations appended to Section 511 are all that are given. The difficulty has been all along felt by the Judges of the various High Courts in India. Criminal liability in attempt is left to be decided according to equity, justice and good conscience and not from any provision in the Indian Penal Code.

It is earnestly hoped, that when the Indian Legislature next akes up the Criminal Law for amendment, a clear and concise definition of "attempt" be introduced in the Penal Code so that all existing difficulties my vanish and Indian Law may be brought in conformity with that of other countries of Europe and America.

LATE Mr. T. M. KRISHNA MENON

It is with profound regret that we record here the passing away of Mr. T. M. Krishna Menon on 2nd December 1958. Mr, Krishna Menon was a versatile whose varied talents, noble character and devotion to duty paved the path of his rapid and steady progress. He was a brilliant star in the constellation of the Bar of his time. His eminence as a lawyer and his intellectual capacities were duly recognized by his appointment to various high offices in the erstwhile Cochin State. His services as Government Pleader, Commissioner of Police, and Dewan Peishkar were exceptionally remarkable and extraordinarily successful. He had a brilliant and distinguished record as a District Judge and as a Judge of the Chief Court of Cochin. The Cochin Law Reports bear ample testimony to his erudition, knowledge and abilities. He was a lovable personality who had endeared himself to all his colleagues, the members of the legal profession and the general public. In his death we have lost an eminent lawyer, a learned Judge and a perfect gentleman.

We offer our sincere sympathies and heart-felt condolences to his bereaved son, Mr. Justice M. S. Menon.

Illustrious be the memory of such a great man. May his soul rest in peace